How many buyers will an additional dollar of online marketing bring in? Which customers will only buy when given a discount coupon? How do you establish an optimal pricing strategy? The best way to determine how the levers at our disposal affect the business metrics we want to drive is through causal inference.In this book, author Matheus Facure, senior data scientist at Nubank, explains the largely untapped potential of causal inference for estimating impacts and effects. Managers, data scientists, and business analysts will learn classical causal inference methods like randomized control trials (A/B tests), linear regression, propensity score, synthetic controls, and difference-in-differences. Each method is accompanied by an application in the industry to serve as a grounding example.With this book, you will:Learn how to use basic concepts of causal inferenceFrame a business problem as a causal inference problemUnderstand how bias gets in the way of causal inferenceLearn how causal effects can differ from person to personUse repeated observations of the same customers across time to adjust for biasesUnderstand how causal effects differ across geographic locationsExamine noncompliance bias and effect dilution