Retinoscopy is an eye exam that determines the refractive error of the eye (long sighted, short sighted, astigmatism). A refraction test indicates the strength of the prescription needed for glasses or contact lenses.The new edition of this book provides a concise overview of clinical refraction. Presented in an easy to read format, it is divided into two main sections.The first part explains basic clinical procedures for routine refraction, beginning with an introduction to instruments and the procedure, followed by aspects of the test for different disorders including myopia (short sightedness), astigmatism, keratoconus and refraction in children.Section two provides in depth discussion on retinoscopy and correct use of the retinoscope.The second edition has been fully revised and updated to explain the latest advances in the field, and is further enhanced by clinical images and figures.Key pointsPractical guide to clinical refraction and retinoscopyFully revised and updated second editionExplains basic procedures and instruments for refraction test and refraction in different ophthalmic disordersPrevious edition (9789351520634) published in 2014