This volume comprises of an extensive introduction followed by ten cutting-edge thematic studies that explore diverse aspects of the social and economic history of the three medieval Scandinavian kingdoms – Denmark, Norway, and Sweden (including Finland). Contributed by archaeologists and historians, these chapters present new empirical findings, methodological innovations, and critical syntheses of current research. The topics addressed span a wide range of fields, including population estimates, building activity levels and their implications, the impact of plagues, residential architecture, coinage, trade, mobility, gender dynamics, Saami trade networks, and wage structures. The Nordic countries are examined both individually and collectively, as well as in relation to their broader European context.