This book takes an in-depth look at the debates surrounding democracy and social democracy. Questioning the effectiveness of elections and referenda in expressing the 'voice of the people', it explores how voters' decisions are influenced by ideology and politicians' past performance. It examines how political parties converge towards the median voter's position, and the strategies they use to win elections and justify their past performance. Furthermore, it explores the relationship between socialism and liberalism within European social democracy, highlighting the compatibility of egalitarian policies with economic competitiveness. --- Written by José María Maravall, the former Spanish Minister of Education and Science (1982–1988), the book's analysis is enriched by the author's personal background. With a history of anti-Francoist activism, membership of underground organisations, and roles within the Spanish Socialist Party, the author's experiences offer unique insights into political strategy and governance. Drawing additionally on extensive data and empirical evidence, the book provides a thorough analysis of democracy, accountability, and the survival of governments, making it essential reading for anyone interested in democracy and social democracy.