In July 1940, just weeks after France signed an armistice with Germany, Winston Churchill made one of World War II’s most shocking and controversial decisions: he ordered the Royal Navy to open fire on the French fleet at Mers-el-Kébir, killing more than 1,200 of Britain’s recent allies. The Associated Press called it “the strangest of all naval actions in the world’s history.” Churchill feared that Hitler would seize the powerful French fleet and turn it against Britain, so when French commanders refused British demands to move their ships to Allied ports, he gave the order to strike. The bombardment stunned the world, strained relations between Britain and France, and resonated through Churchill’s speech to Parliament, which, according to one observer, “echoed like no other ever heard in its ancient halls.”  The fallout reached far beyond the Algerian coast. In Alexandria, British and French admirals negotiated a fragile truce, but trust between the two navies was shattered. Many