"Why did democratic progress stop during the interwar years and fascism and authoritarianism spread across Central, Eastern, and Southern Europe? The Russian Revolution triggered this reverse wave by inspiring left-wingers in many countries to try to replicate Lenin's success. But these precipitous uprisings induced a wide range of political groupings to suppress these imitation attempts and to be fearful of Communism thereafter. These concerns fuelled doubts in the defensive capacity of liberal democracy, strengthened the ideological right, and prompted the rise of fascism as the most potent antidote to Communism. Yet as fascist movements formed in many countries, their violent quest for total power also caused growing concerns, which led conservative establishment sectors to combat or control these radical right-wingers. The resulting conflicts played out differently across countries: Whereas fascism won out in Italy and Germany, conservative groupings prevailed in Eastern & Southern Europe and Latin America and imposed exclusionary, hierarchical authoritarianism to keep fascists out of power. In these conflicts, political actors were carried away by excessive hopes or fears and behaved in rash, not fully rational ways, as my book explains by drawing on cognitive- psychological insights"--