"The questions "Did Neanderthals have language?" and "If they did, what was it like?" have intrigued scholars and laypersons for about a century and a half. Yet there are no answers to these questions that are not controversial, making the existence and nature of Neanderthal language a murky matter. This book attempts to disperse the murk by critically analysing important inferences that have been drawn by prehistorians and other scientists about Neanderthal language from a range of Neanderthal behaviours. These include four allegedly symbolic behavious: making and wearing personal ornaments, creating cave art, decorating bodies and burying the dead. And three non-symbolic behaviours: making stone tools, teaching stone-tool making, and cooperatively hunting big game. The book finds strong grounds for doubting the soundness of all the analysed inferences. It identifies Neanderthals' cooperative hunting as being currently the best behavioural window on their linguistic powers. Also better than what is known about their genes and brains. Viewed through the hunting window, Neanderthal language employed linguistic signs resembling those of modern human language, but lacked complex grammar"--