This comprehensive handbook provides an authoritative collection of exercise-cognition research, exploring the historical development, current state, and future implications of the field. Written by international experts, this work unravels the intricate relationship between physical activity and brain function while establishing essential terminologies, definitions, and potential mediators of exercise-induced cognitive changes. This handbook covers foundational background knowledge, research methodologies, and developmental perspectives across diverse populations. It addresses theoretical frameworks and practical considerations for designing, implementing, and analyzing interventions in exercise-cognition research. Coverage includes widely used neuroimaging techniques such as fNIRS, EEG, and fMRI, alongside emerging tools including TMS/TES, pupillometry, saccadic eye movements, PET, and transcranial Doppler ultrasound. This work also examines cutting-edge developments in digital