After the overthrow of the Qadhafi regime in 2011, Libya witnessed a dramatic breakdown of centralised power. Countless local factions carved up the country into a patchwork of spheres of influence. Almost no nationwide or even regional organisations emerged, and no national institutions survived the turbulent descent into renewed civil war. Only the leader of one armed coalition, Khalifa Haftar, has managed to overcome competitors and centralise authority over eastern Libya. As he attempts to seize power in the capital Tripoli, dozens of armed groups in western Libya have coalesced to offer tenacious resistance. Rarely does internal division and political fragmentation occur as radically as in Libya. This has been the primary obstacle to the re-establishment of central authority. This book analyses the forces that have shaped the country's trajectory since 2011.