Challenging what is widely regarded as the distinguishing feature of Russian music - its ineffable Russianness - this book examines the history of Russian music from the premiere of Glinka's opera A Life for the Tsar in 1836 to the death of Stalin in 1953, the years in which musical nationalism was encouraged and endorsed by the Russian state and its Soviet successor. The author identifies the two central myths that dominated Russian culture during this period - that art revealed the Russian soul, and that this nationalist artistic tradition was founded by Glinka and Pushkin. She shows how nationalist ideas were endlessly recycled and elaborated in the writings of composers, critics and historians of music, even when supporting evidence was scant or non-existent. Against this background, the author offers a critical account of how the imperatives of nationalist thought fired up individual invention, pushed composers to engage with folk, popular, and church music traditions, and caused them to reject certain Western paradigms, or even stand them on their head. In this way, she provides a new perspective on the brilliant creativity, innovation and eventual stagnation to be found within the tradition of Russian nationalist music.