"As a theory of world politics and human rights, cosmopolitanism has a long history going back to the Greek Stoics, who envisioned the cosmopolitan as a 'citizen of the world,' free to cross borders and with aspirations for shared morals and legal rights. This cosmopolitan ideal became crucial in the shaping of European Enlightenment thought during the 18th century, serving to support Immanuel Kant's call for free republics that together could sustain global peace, as well as Johann Gottfried Herder's acknowledgement of the world's cultural plurality. But the protean nature of the term had already given itself to many different definitions, interpretations, and political uses in 1762, when the Académie Française defined the cosmopolitan as 'the one who adopts no country at all.' Yet Enlightenment cosmopolitanism with its many definitions and utopian universal ideals endured and helped shape the long 19th century at the same time as it was put to the test, since the shaping of nation-states and the expanding forces of global capitalism led to new socio-political models and ideals. Gerard Delanty suggests that one should consider the political forces of both nationalism and cosmopolitanism as essential parts of 'the paradox of modernity' taking shape during the long 19th century"--