"This chapter provides an introduction to efficacious treatments for PTSD. Despite their efficacy, many patients do not respond to these treatments or have persistent symptoms. PTSD psychotherapy treatments used at the VA, including prolonged exposure therapy and cognitive processing therapy, are described. While these treatments can be helpful, many patients are avoidant of trauma processing and homework. Furthermore, both treatments tend to focus on one central trauma, around which to target exposure exercises, whereas most Veterans experience multiple traumas. An overview of the development and framework of Trauma-Focused Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (TFPP), a PTSD symptom focused brief dynamic therapy, is presented. A brief background of psychoanalytic and psychodynamic literature and thinking about trauma is provided to further frame the place of TFPP"--