"As a consequence of the powerful critique aimed at the only successful international and state level peace architecture in modernity soon after its post-Cold War apogee, the liberal peace system, has been reshaped from above and below. This system had connected military intervention, human rights, democracy, and capitalism with security, peace and order, and both defined and enabled political emancipation in the modern world. Its 'contrapuntal' processes have married a loose alliance of international and local, formal and informal actors, engaged in what became known in policy and academic terms as peacebuilding. Indeed, more broadly the history of much of the international system is focused implicitly on the production of peace of varying qualities, even as war and competition remain endemic. As Hinsley, once pointed out (echoing many idealist, pacifist, and critical thinkers before him), the aim of planning a 'perpetual peace' is probably as old as war itself. Just war thinking, spanning Aristotle and Cicero to Augustine was an important step along the way, seeking ethical control over war, perhaps through international law. Dante sought a universal peace in his book, Monarchia, written in 1310, but mainly to expand Empire. Marsilius of Padua argued in his book Defensor Pacis in 1326 that world government would not bring peace because it would lead to revolution. Erasmus, in his famous book, The Complaint of Peace, published in 1521, offered the dimension of pacificism and also rejected just war thinking"--